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Richard S. Beam

67       Some Thoughts on Miller’s The Crucible

8/24/2016

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In my last posting, I made some passing comments about The Crucible by Arthur Miller and I’m afraid that some might take them to be denigrating that play.  That was not my intent at all.  Actually, I rather like the play and wish it had seemed a more reasonable choice for study in my Dramatic Lit./Crit. Classes.  But, it should be noted that there are many historical inaccuracies in the script, when one looks in the actual records (which have survived and are available for us to review @ http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/home.html.)  Many of these inaccuracies are discussed in some detail in a variety of sources which are readily available.  My concern with this play is that too many people are much too quick to believe that the play is an historically accurate representation of the Salem Witch Trial characters and events.  This, simply, is a mistake.
 
For example, in the play, the character, John Proctor, is clearly established as a farmer who is guilty of committing adultery with Abigail Williams, who had been a servant in his home.  (Note: It was fairly common for an unmarried woman to become a servant in another family’s home, at least for a time, during this period.)  Proctor is also said to be a Quaker. 
 
This idea conflicts with the record as there is no evidence that I have ever heard that the Quakers were much tolerated in the rural hamlets of this area during this time.  In fact, it is a fact that the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Puritan Anglican) had little tolerance for these “heretics” and, in fact, had executed some for defying a law which forbade their presence in the colony.  Hence, it’s MOST unlikely that the real John Proctor was a Quaker. 
 
In fact, he was a farmer and tavern owner who was about 60 years old and there is no evidence which I can find that Abigail ever lived in his home in any capacity.  By the way, the real Abigail was only age eleven or twelve.  That, alone, does not make the idea of adultery impossible, of course, but it makes it seem far less likely.  Also, Miller does state in his A Note on the Historical Accuracy of This Play that he took liberties with the actual record to serve dramatic purposes.
 
Without detailing all of the changes in great detail here (they are discussed in a variety of places), one is forced to accept that there are many of them.  For example, it says in the play that there were seven people destined to be hanged on the same day as John Proctor.  There were, in fact, only five, including my ancestor, Martha Carrier.  It’s also said that Giles Corey was dead before Proctor was killed, when, in fact, he was pressed to death on September 19, 1692, while Proctor was hanged on August 19 of that year. 
 
What may be of the greatest importance here is that the character of Proctor IS guilty in his own mind, but not of the “witchcraft” charges with which he is charged.  He IS guilty, in the play, of adultery with Abigail (the character) and finds it almost impossible to forgive himself of that, rather like Willie Loman (in The Death of a Salesman) is guilty of adultery and can’t forgive himself for having that known by Biff.  So the character Proctor resolves to confess to sins he has not committed to protect his sense of himself and his family.  He even goes so far as to sign his confession, although he will NOT indict others by naming them as witches.  As he says, “I speak my own sins; I cannot judge another.”  
 
Having signed the “confession,” however, he then refuses to give the paper to Danforth, leading to the following exchange: 
“PROCTOR: No, no.  I have signed it.  You have seen me.  It is done!  You have no need for this.
PARRIS: Proctor, the village must have proof that--
PROCTOR: Damn the village!  I confess to God, and God has seen my name on this!  It is enough!
DANFORTH: No, sir, it is--
PROCTOR: You came to save my soul, did you not?  Here!  I have confessed myself; it is enough!
DANFORTH: You have not con--
PROCTOR: I have confessed myself!  Is there no good penitence but it be public?  God does not need my name nailed upon the church!  God sees my name; God knows how black my sins are!  It is enough!
DANFORTH: Mr. Proctor--
PROCTOR: You will not use me!  I am no Sarah Good or Tituba, I am John Proctor!  You will not use me!  It is no part of salvation that you should use me!
DANFORTH: I do not wish to--
PROCTOR: I have three children—how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends?
DANFORTH: You have not sold your friends--
PROCTOR: Beguile me not!  I blacken all of them when this is nailed to the church the very day they hang for silence.
DANFORTH: Mr. Proctor, I must have good and legal proof that you--
PROCTOR: You are the high court, your word is good enough!  Tell them I confessed myself; say Proctor broke his knees and wept like a woman; say what you will, but my name cannot--
DANFORTH, with suspicion: It is the same, is it not?  If I report it or you sign to it?
PROCTOR—he knows it is insane: No, it is not the same!  What others say and what I sign to is not the same!
DANFORTH: Why?  Do you mean to deny this confession when you are free?
PROCTOR: I mean to deny nothing!
DANFORTH: Then explain to me, Mr. Proctor, why you will not let--
PROCTOR, with a cry of his whole soul: Because it is my name!  Because I cannot have another in my life!  Because I lie and sign myself to lies!  Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang!  How may I live without my name?  I have given you my soul; leave me my name!”


I think that Miller is establishing a sort of “honor versus death” argument which is not terribly dissimilar to sort of “love versus honor” arguments which are not all that uncommon in many plays (and other forms of literature) through a good deal of history.  Proctor is saying that he will not willingly save his life by telling falsehoods about others.  I believe that the presence of Rebecca Nurse as a witness to Proctor’s “confession” is important, to this scene, because her refusal to “confess” at the same time is part of what seems to convince John to, ultimately, renounce his own confession.  It may be worth noting in passing that the real Rebecca Nurse was killed a month before Proctor’s hanging, so using this character for this purpose is also historically inaccurate.
 
So what am I trying to suggest here?  The play was written in 1953 when Senator Joseph McCarthy was leading his campaign to rid the United States of “communist” influences using tactics which were demagogic, often reckless and frequently unsubstantiated.  It’s worth noting that McCarthy was, in 1954, censured by the U.S. Senate for his actions.  This was also during the period when the House Un-American Activities Committee was actively pursuing “communist” influence in the entertainment industry, especially movies and television.
 
Miller was eventually (1956) called before HUAC, where he admitted to attending party meetings, but refused to name other alleged communists.  He was convicted of contempt of Congress for this refusal in 1957, but his conviction was overturned by an Appeals Court in 1958.  Miller’s personal involvement was after The Crucible, however, so it could not have had a direct effect on the writing of the play, but I think it does offer possible insight into the character of John Proctor. 
 
How so?  Like Miller, his character will “… speak my own sins; I cannot judge another.  Crying out, with hatred: I have no tongue for it.”  Proctor is not without sin, but he will not stoop to judging others and he refuses (as Miller would later) to be the instrument used to accuse others.  Why?  He, the character, says “Because it is my name!  Because I cannot have another in my life!  Because I lie and sign myself to lies!  Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang!  How may I live without my name?  I have given you my soul; leave me my name!”  And so, Proctor, the character, goes to be hanged.
 
I think that Miller wasn’t really writing about the events of Salem at all.  Salem merely provided an historical situation which could be made (with some reworking) to parallel the sort of thing which was going on in the McCarthy and HUAC hearings.  It is, perhaps, worth noting that the same kind of behaviors can still be seen in far too many circles today.  I don’t blame Miller for couching his attacks on this sort of thing (witch hunts) in the best-known true “witch hunt” in American history. 
 
Others have taken a similar course of using history to raise the kinds of concerns which need to be raised every so often:  the 1999 movie, Cradle Will Rock comes to mind, as does the 2005 movie, Good Night, and Good Luck.  There are others.  The Manchurian Candidate, from 1962, while not directly dealing with a “witch hunt,” also expresses some concern over the potential power of a demagogue, or demagoguery, suggesting the danger of this sort of thing.
 
Personally, I think it’s important that each of us think about this quite carefully.  I’m afraid that the danger is still real; and current political behavior should be examined in the light of this sort of thing very carefully.  I hope this is a danger which we, as a country, can avoid although I am concerned.  I think Miller was trying to suggest that the vigilance necessary might require truly tragic decisions (and actions).  Even then, the threat will never disappear, I’m afraid.  Keeping it under control it will require real, constant vigilance and careful thought.  Unfortunately, I have no doubt that, even if it can be pushed down at the moment, this sort of thing will rise again, some time, some place. 
 
Where do you stand today?  How will you respond when it shows up again?
 
LLAP 

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66       A Not Completely Pleasant Anniversary

8/19/2016

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Three hundred twenty-four years ago today, one of my ancestors was hanged as a witch in Salem, Massachusetts.  While I won’t pretend that I think of this as a pleasant thing to remember, I like to note it because it’s a worthwhile reminder of what can happen when people engage in behavior which is fanatical, biased and “sanctioned” by forces greater than themselves.  Make no mistake about it; religious beliefs were, and are, blamed for being at the root of the Salem witch trials, but it is almost certain that they were, to some extent, just excuses to silence, or eliminate, some members of the community for reasons which had little to do with religion and a lot to do with settling personal grudges, like land disputes, power struggles within the local church congregation, or simply having a scapegoat to blame for crop failure, smallpox, Indian raids, and the like. 
 
I don’t pretend to be a true scholar of the Salem experience, although I have read several books about it and I’d like to think I have some grasp of the scholarly thinking about it’s causes.  However, my interest isn’t really scholarly, it’s personal.  One of my (female) ancestors was actually killed and another (male) one was charged, although he managed to escape from jail, flee the area and was, after the turmoil died down, cleared of all charges.  (Actually, ALL of the accused were, eventually, cleared although it was more than a little late in the case of the 20 who were killed.)
 
Now, the reason this is on my mind at the moment is that I have been rereading two books by Kathleen Kent, a quite distant cousin of mine, The Heretic’s Daughter and The Traitor’s Wife (originally published in the US as The Wolves of Andover).  They, together, tell the story of Martha Carrier (Ms. Kent and my common ancestor)’s life leading up to the events of the trials, the trials and their aftermath.  I like to reread them each August, both because I think they are well written (so I get some pleasure out of reading them again), and because I want to remind myself every year of the dangers of the sorts of actions which result in the suppression of civil liberties.
 
These books are, admittedly, historical fiction.  They have to be because the documentable facts about the actual lives of most people in that time and place are few.  I do know that Kathleen did a great deal of careful research on our common ancestor, Martha Allen Carrier (who was hanged on Aug. 19, 1692) and her family in preparation for writing her two books about her.  My sister, Janet, has also done some research into the genealogical background of that side of our family.  Based on that, and a bit of my own looking, it seems safe to say that, while there is much we don’t know about these people, there are some things we know and others which may be true, but are unproven.  These, unproven, stories come through family and local Salem traditions and stories which were widely enough believed (or suspected) at the time that they have survived to the present.  But, what do we actually know?
 
Well, the record indicates that Martha Allen was born in 1643, probably in Andover, MA.  In 1674, she married Thomas Carrier (whose birth name may have been Morgan, as both names are associated with him), who was born in Wales about 1626.  Thomas is as interesting as Martha as he (according to various family and local legends) served in the army of Charles I (as one of the king’s personal bodyguards?), then served with Cromwell’s New Model Army after the beginning of the English Civil War and, eventually, was the actual executioner of King Charles I, (that is, he actually swung the axe which took off the king’s head), but we can’t prove any of that.  We do know that he immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay colony about 1655, (it is said that he may have been fleeing Royalist forces as the restoration of the monarchy was in the works and Charles II wanted anyone specifically tied to his father’s execution killed for regicide), but, again, we can’t prove that.  Eventually, we know he married my ancestor, Martha, in 1674.
 
They had at least six children (some sources say more, but six seems to be the accepted number): Richard (1674-1749); Andrew (1677-1749) [I am descended through him]; Jane (1680-1680) [died shortly after birth]; Thomas (1682-1740); Sarah (1684-1772) (from whose point of view The Heretic’s Daughter is written); and Hannah (1689-1772).
 
Thomas was, reportedly, over seven feet tall (quite unusual for the time) and was known to be very strong.  He lived to be about 109 years old and, according to Poor Richard’s Almanac (Ben Franklin’s paper) two “normal” coffins were required to be reconstructed in order to accommodate his body for burial.  There isn’t really a whole lot more which can be established as documentary fact (and some of this isn’t really established as fact, although there are a variety of non-documentary sources).  That’s not much to go on.
 
Wait a minute, though.  We do have court records that Martha was accused by the “Salem Girls” in early May of 1692, arrested on May 28 and her trial began on May 31.  We do have the court records of that trial.  She was found guilty and sentenced on August 5 and the execution was carried out on August 19.  That would appear to be fact.  Of course, we don’t know how good the records actually are from the trial and the court wasn’t particularly interested in what we would call fact today, as it (in fact) relied on so-called “spectral evidence.”  So what is THAT?
Spectral evidence is a form of evidence based upon dreams and visions.  It was admitted into court during the Salem witch trials by the appointed chief justice, William Stoughton.  The booklet A Tryal of Witches taken from a contemporary report of the proceedings of the Bury St. Edmunds witch trial of 1662 became a model for and was referenced in the Trials when the magistrates were looking for proof that such evidence could be used in a court of law.
 
Spectral evidence was testimony that the accused witch's spirit (i.e. spectre) appeared to the witness in a dream or vision (for example, a black cat or wolf).  The dream or vision was admitted as evidence.  Thus, witnesses (who were often the accusers) would testify that "Goody Proctor bit, pinched, and almost choked me," and it would be taken as evidence that the accused were responsible for the biting, pinching and choking even though they were elsewhere at the time.
 
Thomas Brattle, a merchant of Salem, made note that "when the afflicted do mean and intend only the appearance and shape of such an one, say G. Proctor, yet they positively swear that G. Proctor did afflict them; and they were allowed to do so; as though there was no real difference between G. Proctor and the shape of G. Proctor."
 
Rev. Cotton Mather argued that it was appropriate to admit spectral evidence into legal proceedings, but cautioned that convictions should not be based on spectral evidence alone as it was possible for the Devil to take the shape of an innocent person. (from Wikipedia)

The tragedy of Salem was that there wasn’t much beyond spectral evidence in many, perhaps most, of the cases tried.  And more recent examination of the complete situation suggests that many of the accused were not particularly popular with the families of the “girls” making the accusations.  It makes one think that there COULD have been other forces at work here.
 
Obviously, spectral “evidence” would not be considered acceptable today, at least in a court.  However, as Arthur Miller points out in The Crucible, (a play ostensibly about the Salem witch trials) it is all too easy for people to get sucked into believing that a lack of clear proof that something isn’t true can be taken, by some, as evidence that it is.  Of course, Miller does take considerable dramatic license with accepted, established facts in his play, but, it can also be said that he wasn’t really writing about 1692, but the early 1950’s.  (More about this some other time.)
 
Still, a witch hunt is a witch hunt, whatever the reasons behind it.  I think Martha, herself put it pretty well in her testimony when she said; “It is a shameful thing that you should listen to these folks who are out of their wits.”  I’m afraid that I see far too many people paying far too much attention to people I suspect are “…out of their wits.” today.  It’s sad to contemplate, but just because someone or something, a politician, some web site, the National Enquirer, etc., says something is true, doesn’t make it so, no matter how many times it is repeated.
 
Martha couldn’t prove that the spectral “evidence” against her was phony, so the people who counted (the court and the jury) decided that it had to be true.  How does one defend oneself against things which can’t even be seen by all, but are reported by a “select” few who insist that they are true.  The answer is, you can’t.  When you combine that with an attitude that insists that you can only prove your innocence by naming others as being
guilty of some sort of crime and you have a completely out of control, witch hunt sort of
 
The idea that one can be assumed to be guilty simply because she/he is charged (legally, or not) and that only by “naming names” (implying the guilt of others) so that those people can then be charged, or convicted, can “clear” one is absurd.  I am reminded of the Wizengamot hearing of Igor Karkaroff where testimony against others is suggested as a means for him to receive lighter punishment, but that may be too strong a Harry Potter reference for some.
 
In my “cousin” Kathleen’s book, Martha actually tells her children to testify against her because she knows that their lives will be spared if they do so.  And it can be established that this was the case.  This is a fact (it’s in the court records); Richard and Andrew were tortured to get them to “confess” to their knowledge of their mother’s guilt and Sarah (age 8 at the time) also testified against her.  And all of them were freed.  As Kent tells it, Martha gave her life up to save her children. 
 
Now, we can’t actually prove that Martha took this step, but is it likely?  Personally, I don’t doubt it.  Parents will do almost anything for their children.  I’d like to believe that it was true, but I have to be at least somewhat skeptical as I can’t confirm it.  There are FACTS involved here, however.  The children did testify that their mother made them become witches, and they were, in fact, freed (seemingly) in exchange for their testimony.  I, personally, am skeptical that one can really expect them to have told the truth (whatever that might have been) in the face of this sort of situation, although, apparently, the court and jury didn’t have a problem with this idea.  So were they, in fact, witches, or did they just testify to that in order to be spared?  Personally, I don’t know.  I also don’t really care.  What I do care about are the completely stupid actions of the court.  Of course, there is much that is stupid about the “trials.”  The record is available, read it for yourself @ http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/home.html.
 
Unfortunately, the same sort of stupidity which led to the acceptance of spectral evidence in a court of law is still around, if one looks at the news, especially political news.  Just because something is possible, doesn’t mean that it’s likely, let alone true.  Even if something is likely, that doesn’t mean that it’s true.  We all need to question most of what we hear, read, even see.  (The police will tell you that eyewitnesses are, in fact, notoriously inaccurate.)  We need to check the sources, consider where those sources have gotten their information, what the agenda behind their reporting is, etc.  If reportage doesn’t tell us all of this (quite clearly and directly), we need to be skeptical.  We should probably be skeptical, anyway.  One source proves nothing!  Three sources (different ones) suggest some degree of likelihood.  Lots of sources means that there might be some reason to accept it. 
 
One should also consider whether a source has some sort of an agenda.  A political operative is a poor source about anything related to his/her opponent’s campaign and even what is said about the campaign he is running should be questioned, as anything said is going to be “spun” to suggest a desired message.  Even the major newspapers and networks have an editorial policy and are (in my opinion) more concerned about having the “best” story first than they are about fairness and accuracy.  The FCC’s “Fairness Doctrine” was revoked in 1987, so the story which is most likely to gain readers, watchers or eyeballs is the one which is promoted the most, just as if it were true (which it MAY not be).  Web sites are especially notorious for spreading false, misleading information and conspiracy theories because it’s so easy to put anything on the web.  After all, I can post pretty much whatever I want to with no compulsion to provide any sort of “proof” and it’s there for anyone to read.  That’s why I have never suggested that I was posting anything more than my own opinions, nor have I wanted anyone to consider them more than that.
 
However, I think it’s important that we be VERY skeptical about almost anything we are told, especially by people who have a reason to wish us to support them, or take some sort of specific action which they support.  There are far to many people talking far too loudly about things they may, or may not, really know anything about for any of us to be very sure who is “…out of their wits.”  Skepticism seems wise.  A lack of it would seem to lead towards the sort of thing which led to something like 165 people being accused of witchcraft and the actual death of 20 of them in Salem in 1692.
 
I try to be skeptical even of those people with whom I agree, perhaps especially of them.  I think that’s a safer way to proceed.  Once I have done my homework and think I have established the facts, then I may take some sort of action.  Until then, I’m pretty skeptical and I think I should be.  Perhaps you should be, too.
 
If you don’t believe me, I have a nice bridge in NYC I’d like to sell you cheap…
 
LLAP
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65A A Probable Hiatus

8/1/2016

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Both of this year’s political conventions are now over and my way ahead is clear.  I know for whom I will cast my vote and I wish that I wasn’t going to have to live in a world where the “news cycle” was going to be dominated by the ups and downs of the various polls, pronouncements, stupidities and outrageous statements of political candidates for the new three months.  I confess that I have no desire to see a continuation of the political quagmire of the last few years, so my path seems clear…
 
Unfortunately, I had one of the moments recently, which may be best explained by the following:
Picture
As a citizen, I refuse to ignore my responsibility for the care and safety of my country, that’s what the right (and responsibility of) voting is all about, so I’m going to vote.
 
However, I have, at least generally, tried to keep personal, political opinions out of this blog.  I didn’t start it to carry on, eloquently or otherwise, about my politics.  Those who know me, can probably figure out how I will vote.  I don’t care.  I, however, do not wish to raise my blood pressure (or those of my readers [if any]) and increase the stress in my life by discussing the virtues (if any) of any candidate, nor the outrages (there have already been some) of any candidate, either.
 
What this means is that I MAY be ever less regular about posting entries to this blog than usual until at least after the election.  I’ll be happy to exchange emails with anyone who wants to write me individually, but I think it’s going to be harder than usual to focus on the sort of thing I usually write about during “campaign season.”
 
So take this as a warning, if you don’t see a new posting for a while, it’s not because I’m dead, I’m probably just disgusted.  After all, the only form of government worse than a democratic republic is everything else, but even a democratic republic can be a little hard to stomach at times.
 
LATER…

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65 Another New School Year

8/1/2016

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Well, it’s early August, so the new school year is about to get underway.  The “Back to School” sales are all over the stores (have been for two-three weeks) and everybody seems frantic to buy “stuff” for the coming school year.  I’ll bet my former colleagues are starting to get serious about the “first of the term” class prep and looking forward with at least some dread and anticipation to the pre-class faculty meetings, the arrival of students and those first encounters in class.  Students are doing much the same with trying to figure out if they’ve made the “right” class selections, choice of roommates, majors, instructors, etc.  And, of course, that’s doesn’t take into account any recognition of the anguish of parents having their children “leave home” (in some cases for the first time), to say nothing of the financial worries, concerns for their child’s safety, etc., etc., etc. which all parents go through.  All in all, this is a time of somewhat high stress for a great many people.
 
I have no great words of wisdom to assist any of these folks, except to suggest that these concerns haven’t brought the world to an end yet and it seems unlikely that they will do so this year.  I understand the stress (I’ve been there from all three points of view) and I firmly believe that all WILL survive it.  Somehow, the start of school works out every year for the very vast majority and for those it doesn’t, there are alternative approaches to solving those problems.  After all, education is one of those things which can be acquired in many ways and through many processes.  I’m really not worried about the survival of the human race based on the stress of dealing with the start of school.
 
Of course, it’s somewhat easier for me to say this sort of thing now that I’m retired and don’t have to deal with it.  My own children are grown and through school and, while I do have grandchildren who are facing some of the anguish of starting a new school year, they are far enough away that I don’t have to deal with it directly.  To refer back to a posting of a year ago (#36, August, 2015), it’s “…not my circus, not my monkeys.”  That means that it’s fairly easy for me to at least pretend that this sort of distress isn’t of any real importance, or shouldn’t be, but the fact is, I know better.  I do know it’s real and I do know that this can be a time of some real stress for a lot of people.  All I can say to them is that, like a kidney stone, this too shall pass.  It may cause some unhappiness at the time, but it IS going to get better.
 
I’m looking forward to having fewer kids in the pool during my water aerobics class, so it will be a bit quieter and easier to hear the instructor (swimming pools are not noted for having great acoustics, so it’s been rather hard to hear much of the summer what with swimming lessons and kids of many ages playing in the pool).  The kids in school will reduce the weekday crowds at the various museums we go to and the zoo (which has opened a new “African grasslands” exhibit, we haven’t seen yet due to summer heat, sun and crowds), so I’ll benefit a bit from the start of the school year in a rather personal way.
 
Still, I can’t help but think of the years I spent these weeks trying to prepare myself physically, emotionally and artistically for the demands of the new year of classes and productions.  I confess, I almost miss it.  I do miss the people (faculty, staff and, especially, students).  For all the trauma of their beginnings, they were good years…
​
LLAP

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